How does solar energy get transformed into usable electrical energy?

Solar energy conversion to electricity occurs through photovoltaic (PV) technology. PV cells feature layered semiconductor materials—specifically N-type (negatively charged) and P-type (positively charged) structures. When sunlight photons are absorbed, they energize electrons, causing them to break free from their atomic bonds. This electron flow generates an electrical potential difference between the two semiconductor layers, with each cell typically producing around 0.5 volts.

These individual cells are interconnected and mounted in a support frame to form a photovoltaic module, and multiple modules are combined into a photovoltaic array. The array generates direct current (DC), which can be configured in series or parallel using PV1-F photovoltaic cables to achieve the desired voltage and current outputs.